Researcher biography
Biography:
Tony Howes graduated from UQ in 1983 with a degree in chemical engineering, and after 6 months working on a novel fluid bed retort system for oil shale went to Cambridge, UK, where he worked with Malcolm Mackley as his first PhD student on what is now the "Oscillating Baffled Reactor". His dissertation was awarded the 1988 Danckwerts-Maxwell prize for best thesis in that year. A postdoctoral year at Brown University working on patterns in fluid data sets was followed by 3 ½ years in ICI's Corporate Colloid Science Group, where he worked on theory and application of a novel atomiser.
Since 1993 Tony has been at The University of Queensland teaching, supervising and doing research. His work (largely in collaboration with Bhesh Bhandari in Food Science) on sticky droplet spray drying has been extensively published and cited – at present Bhandari and Howes papers are in the top-10 most cited in Drying Technology, Journal of Food Engineering and International Journal of Food Properties.
Tony has also worked on a variety of other particle problems, including solid state fermentation, regimes in rotating drums and prilling. Following work on sticky mud particles he was heavily involved in local water quality issues, and sat on the Scientific Expert Panel of the Healthy Waterways Partnership in South East Queensland.
At UQ he co-ordinated an innovative programme where students are placed in industry for a research project, and actively reflect on their learning and interact with UQ staff while in industry. In 2008 he was nominated for a University Teaching Excellence Award for his efforts on this programme.
Research:
My research focus is on spray drying, especially of sticky or potentially sticky foods. With key collaborators (Prof. Bhesh Bhandari, UQ, A.Prof Benu Adhikari University of Ballarat) we have developed rules and understanding of the role of sugars, proteins and other additives on the drying of sugar rich foods, including fruit juices, honey and milk products.
My general interests are in the modelling and physical aspects of these systems.
Teaching and Learning:
Teaching: Engineering Thermodynamics (1st year)
Education Research: The role of Work Integrated Learning in the BE and ME programmes.
Projects:
- Spray drying at elevated temperatures
- API crystallisation modelling
- Role of proteins and additives in food spray drying
- Morphology development in spray drying
Book Chapters
Howes, T. (2005). Sediments. Healthy waterways, healthy catchments: making the connection in south east Queensland, Australia. (pp. 70-91) edited by Eva G Abal, Stuart e Bunn and William C Dennison. Brisbane, Queensland, Australia: Moreton Bay Waterways and Catchments Partnership.
Truong, V., Bhandari, B. R., Howes, T. and Adhikari, B. P. (2002). Analytical model for the prediction of glass transition temperature of food systems. Amorphous Food and Pharmaceutical Systems. (pp. 30-47) edited by Harry Levine. United Kingdom: Royal Society of Chemistry.
Journal Articles
Konarova, Muxina, Fitzgerald, Rachel, Birkett, Greg, Bakharia, Aneesha, Howes, Tony, Rufford, Tom and O'Brien, Kate (2024). AI: Educating the educators. The Chemical Engineer, 26-28.
O'Brien, Kate, Howes, Tony and Birkett, Greg (2023). Learning how to learn: the skill which underpins performance throughout one’s career. The Chemical Engineer (982), 33-35.
Afrose, Afrina, White, Edward T., Rashid, Md Abdur, Howes, Tony and Alhamhoom, Yahya (2022). Tailoring of solubility of Ibuprofen in the presence of hydrophilic excipients in water-ethanol mixtures by crystallization method. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 14 (2), 102-109. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2022v14i2.43871
Wu, Dongling, Zhou, Ping, Wang, Geoff, Howes, Tony and Chen, Wei (2021). A theoretical study of particle coalescence criteria for inelastic collisions of wet particles. Chemical Engineering Science, 243 116770, 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116770
Chen, Jian, Wang, Peipei, Li, Mengran, Shen, Jiahe, Howes, Tony and Wang, Geoff (2021). Rupture distance and shape of the liquid bridge with rough surface. Minerals Engineering, 167 106888, 106888. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2021.106888
Rashid, Md Abdur, White, Edward T., Howes, Tony, Litster, James D. and Marziano, Ivan (2021). Measurement of nucleation kinetics for ibuprofen crystals from ethanol and water-ethanol mixtures. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 64 102587, 1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102587
Wu, Dongling, Zhou, Ping, Wang, Geoff, Zhao, Baojun, Howes, Tony and Chen, Wei (2020). Modeling of capillary force between particles with unequal contact angle. Powder Technology, 376, 390-397. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.08.037
Wu, Dongling, Zhou, Ping, Zhao, Baojun, Howes, Tony and Wang, Geoff (2019). Liquid redistribution upon the liquid-bridge rupture between two unequal particles with a minimal energy method. Powder Technology, 354, 165-173. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.05.057
Lee, Boon-Beng, Bhandari, Bhesh R., Ching, Su Hung and Howes, Tony (2019). Improving hydrophilic barriers of encapsulated compounds in Ca-alginate microgel particles through a new ionotropic gelation method for double emulsion droplets. Food Biophysics, 14 (4), 365-382. doi: 10.1007/s11483-019-09586-y
Afrose, Afrina, White, Edward T., Howes, Tony, George, Graeme, Rashid, Abdur, Rintoul, Llew and Islam, Nazrul (2018). Preparation of ibuprofen microparticles by antisolvent precipitation crystallization technique: characterization, formulation, and in vitro performance. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 107 (12), 3060-3069. doi: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.07.030
Lee, Boon-Beng, Bhandari, Bhesh R. and Howes, Tony (2018). Gelation of an alginate film via spraying of calcium chloride droplets. Chemical Engineering Science, 183, 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.02.049
Ho, Thao M., Howes, Tony and Bhandari, Bhesh R. (2018). An innovative approach to extend the shelf life of cottage cheese curds using food grade CO2-α-cyclodextrin complex powder: a preliminary study. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 42 (2) e13514, e13514. doi: 10.1111/jfpp.13514
Javanmard, Marjan, Wong, Edeline, Howes, Tony and Stokes, Jason R. (2017). Application of the thixotropic elasto-viscoplastic model as a structure probing technique for acid milk gel suspensions. Journal of Food Engineering, 222, 250-257. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.11.031
Lee, Boon-Beng, Bhandari, Bhesh R. and Howes, Tony (2017). Quantification of calcium alginate gel formation during ionic cross-linking by a novel colourimetric technique. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 533, 116-124. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.08.033
Rashid, Abdur, White, Edward, Howes, Tony, Litster, James and Marziano, Ivan (2017). From raw data to process: the path to a batch or a continuous crystallizer design for ibuprofen. Organic Process Research and Development, 21 (2), 187-194. doi: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00339
Lee, Boon-Beng, Bhandari, Bhesh R. and Howes, Tony (2016). Air extrusion system for ionotropic alginate microgel particle formation: a review. Chemical Engineering and Technology, 39 (12), 2355-2369. doi: 10.1002/ceat.201600088
Ho, Thao M., Howes, Tony and Bhandari, Bhesh R. (2016). Dehydration of CO2-α-cyclodextrin complex powder by desiccant adsorption method and its release properties. Journal of Microencapsulation, 33 (8), 1-10. doi: 10.1080/02652048.2016.1260662
Ho, Thao M., Howes, Tony, Jack, Kevin S. and Bhandari, Bhesh R. (2016). Encapsulation of CO2 into amorphous alpha-cyclodextrin powder at different moisture contents - part 2: Characterization of complexed powders and determination of crystalline structure. Food Chemistry, 206, 92-101. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.044
Ho, Thao M., Howes, Tony and Bhandari, Bhesh R. (2016). Methods to extend the shelf-life of cottage cheese - a review. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 69 (3), 313-327. doi: 10.1111/1471-0307.12309
Ho, Thao M., Howes, Tony and Bhandari, Bhesh R. (2016). Encapsulation of CO2 into amorphous alpha-cyclodextrin powder at different moisture contents - part 1: encapsulation capacity and stability of inclusion complexes. Food Chemistry, 203, 348-355. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.076
Ho, Thao M., Tuyen, Truong, Howes, Tony and Bhandari, Bhesh R. (2016). Method of measurement of CO2 adsorbed into alpha-Cyclodextrin by infra-red CO2 probe. International Journal of Food Properties, 19 (8) 012, 1696-1707. doi: 10.1080/10942912.2015.1084005
Ho, Thao M., Howes, Tony and Bhandari, Bhesh R. (2015). Encapsulation of CO2 into amorphous and crystalline α-cyclodextrin powders and the characterization of the complexes formed. Food Chemistry, 187, 407-415. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.094
Ho, Thao M., Howes, Tony and Bhandari, Bhesh R. (2015). Characterization of crystalline and spray-dried amorphous α-cyclodextrin powders. Powder Technology, 284 (5), 585-594. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.06.027
Firouzi, Mahshid, Howes, Tony and Nguyen, Anh V. (2015). A quantitative review of the transition salt concentration for inhibiting bubble coalescence. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 222, 305-318. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.07.005
Rashid, Abdur., White, Edward T., Howes, Tony., Litster, James D. and Marziano, Ivan. (2015). The metastability and nucleation thresholds of ibuprofen in ethanol and water-ethanol mixtures. International Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2015 560930, 1-7. doi: 10.1155/2015/560930
Rashid, Abdur, White, Edward T., Howes, Tony, Litster, James D. and Marziano, Ivan (2014). Effect of solvent composition and temperature on the solubility of ibuprofen in aqueous ethanol. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 59 (9), 2699-2703. doi: 10.1021/je400819z
Adhikari, B., Howes, T., Shrestha, A. and Bhandari, B. R. (2014). Erratum: Effect of surface tension and viscosity on the surface stickiness of carbohydrate and protein solutions (Journal of Food Engineering (2007) 79 (1136-1143)). Journal of Food Engineering, 129, 53-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.12.028
Ho, Thao M., Howes, Tony and Bhandari, Bhesh R. (2014). Encapsulation of gases in powder solid matrices and their applications: A review. Powder Technology, 259, 87-108. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.03.054
Adhikari, B., Howes, T., Bhandari, B. R. and Truong, V. (2014). Erratum to Characterization of the Surface Stickiness of Fructose-Maltodextrin Solutions During Drying (Drying Technology, (2003), 21, 1 (17-34), 10.1081/DRT-120017281). Drying Technology, 32 (3), 371-371. doi: 10.1080/07373937.2013.873306
Jayasundera, Mithila, Adhikari, Benu, Howes, Tony and Aldred, Peter (2013). Erratum; Surface protein coverage and its implications on spray-drying of model sugar-rich foods: Solubility, powder production and characterisation (Food Chemistry (2013)128(1003-16)). Food Chemistry, 151, 161-161. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.017
Liu, L. X., Marziano, I., Bentham, A. C., Litster, J. D., White, E. T. and Howes, T. (2013). Influence of particle size on the direct compression of ibuprofen and its binary mixtures. Powder Technology, 240 (2), 66-73. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.07.006
Xu, Yun Yun, Howes, Tony, Adhikari, Benu and Bhandari, Bhesh (2013). Effects of Emulsification of Fat on the Surface Tension of Protein Solutions and Surface Properties of the Resultant Spray-Dried Particles. Drying Technology, 31 (16), 1939-1950. doi: 10.1080/07373937.2013.802331
Xu, Yun Yun, Howes, Tony, Adhikari, Benu and Bhandari, Bhesh (2012). Investigation of relationship between surface tension of feed solution containing various proteins and surface composition and morphology of powder particles. Drying Technology, 30 (14), 1548-1562. doi: 10.1080/07373937.2012.696571
Ghandi, Amir, Powell, Ian B., Howes, Tony, Chen, Xiao Dong and Adhikari, Benu (2012). Effect of shear rate and oxygen stresses on the survival of Lactococcus lactis during the atomization and drying stages of spray drying: a laboratory and pilot scale study. Journal of Food Engineering, 113 (2), 194-200. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.06.005
Liu, L. X., Rashid, A., Marziano, I., White, E. T., Howes, T. and Litster, J. D. (2012). Flowability of binary mixtures of commercial and reprocessed ibuprofen through high shear wet milling (HSWM) with lactose. Advanced Powder Technology, 23 (4), 454-458. doi: 10.1016/j.apt.2012.03.006
Rashid, A., White, E. T., Howes, T., Litster, J. D. and Marziano, I. (2012). Growth rates of ibuprofen crystals grown from ethanol and aqueous ethanol. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 90 (1), 158-161. doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2011.08.003
Jayasundera, Mithila, Adhikari, Benu, Howes, Tony and Aldred, Peter (2011). Surface protein coverage and its implications on spray-drying of model sugar-rich foods: Solubility, powder production and characterisation. Food Chemistry, 128 (4), 1003-1016. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.006
Intipunya, P., Shrestha, A., Howes, T. and Bhandari, B. (2009). A modified cyclone stickiness test for characterizing food powders. Journal of Food Engineering, 94 (3-4), 300-306. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.03.024
Adhikari, B., Howes, T., Bhandari, B. R. and Langrish, T. A. G. (2009). Effect of addition of proteins on the production of amorphous sucrose powder through spray drying. JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING, 94 (2), 144-153. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.01.029
Adhikari, B., Howes, T., Wood, B. J. and Bhandari, B. R. (2009). The effect of low molecular weight surfactants and proteins on surface stickiness of sucrose during powder formation through spray drying. Journal of Food Engineering, 94 (2), 135-143. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.01.022
Burey, P, Bhandari, BR, Howes, T and Gidley, MJ (2009). Gel particles from spray-dried disordered polysaccharides. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS, 76 (2), 206-213. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.10.001
Liu, L. X., Marziano, I., Bentham, A. C., Litster, J. D., White, E. T. and Howes, T. (2008). Effect of particle properties on the flowability of ibuprofen powders. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 362 (1-2), 109-117. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.06.023
Shrestha, Ashok K., Howes, Tony, Adhikari, Benu P. and Bhandari, Bhesh R. (2008). Spray drying of skim milk mixed with milk permeate: Effect on drying behavior, physicochemical properties, and storage stability of powder. Drying Technology, 26 (2), 239-247. doi: 10.1080/07373930701831663
Burey, P., Bhandari, B. R., Howes, T. and Gidley, M. J. (2008). Hydrocolloid Gel Particles: Formation, Characterization, and Application. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 48 (5), 361-377. doi: 10.1080/10408390701347801
Shrestha, Ashok K., Howes, Tony, Adhikari, Benu P. and Bhandari, Bhesh R. (2007). Water sorption and glass transition properties of spray dried lactose hydrolysed skim milk powder. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 40 (9), 1593-1600. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2006.11.003
Adhikari, B., Howes, T., Shrestha, A. K. and Bhandari, B. R. (2007). Development of stickiness of whey protein isolate and lactose droplets during convective drying. Chemical Engineering And Processing, 46 (5), 420-428. doi: 10.1016/j.cep.2006.07.014
Wildeboer, W. J., Koppendraaier, E., Litster, J. D., Howes, T. and Meesters, G. (2007). A novel nucleation apparatus for regime separated granulation. Powder Technology, 171 (2), 96-105. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2006.09.008
Shrestha, A. K., Ua-Arak, T., Adhikari, B. P., Howes, T. and Bhandari, B. R. (2007). Glass transition behavior of spray dried orange juice powder measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal mechanical compression test (TMCT). International Journal of Food Properties, 10 (3), 661-673. doi: 10.1080/10942910601109218
Shrestha, A. K., Howes, T., Adhikari, B. P., Wood, B. J. and Bhandari, B. R. (2007). Effect of protein concentration on the surface composition, water sorption and glass transition temperature of spray-dried skim milk powders. Food Chemistry, 104 (4), 1436-1444. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.02.015
Adhikari, B., Howes, T. and Bhandari, B, R. (2007). Use of solute fixed coordinate system and method of lines for prediction of drying kinetics and surface stickiness of single droplet during convective drying. Chemical Engineering And Processing, 46 (5), 405-419. doi: 10.1016/j.cep.2006.06.018
Adhikari, B,, Howes, T., Shrestha, A. and Bhandari, B. R. (2007). Effect of surface tension and viscosity on the surface stickiness of carbohydrate and protein solutions. Journal of Food Engineering, 79 (4), 1136-1143. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.04.002
Boonyai, P., Howes, T. and Bhandari, B. (2007). Instrumentation and testing of a thermal mechanical compression test for glass-rubber transition analysis of food powders. Journal of Food Engineering, 78 (4), 1333-1342. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.01.005
Adhikari, B., Howes, T., Shrestha, A. K., Tsai, W. and Bhandari, B. R. (2006). Thin-layer isothermal drying of fructose, maltodextrin, and their mixture solutions. Drying Technology, 24 (11), 1415-1424. doi: 10.1080/07373930600952768
Truong, Vinh, Bhandari, Bhesh R. and Howes, Tony (2006). Erratum: optimization of cocurrent spray drying process for sugar-rich foods. Part II - optimization of spray drying process based on glass transition concept (Journal of Food Engineering (2005) 71 (66-72) PII: S0260877404005151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.10.018). Journal of Food Engineering, 73 (3), 304-304. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.06.001
Shrestha, Ashok K., Adhikari, Benu P., Howes, Tony E. and Bhandari, Bhesh R. (2006). Effect of lactic acid on spray drying behavior of acid-whey and study of their glass transition temperature. Journal of Food Science and Technology Nepal, 2, 57-62.
Boonyai, P., Bhandari, B. and Howes, T. (2006). Applications of Thermal Mechanical Compression Tests in food powder analysis. International Journal of Food Properties, 9 (1), 127-134. doi: 10.1080/10942910500473988
Boonyai, P., Howes, T. and Bhandari, B. (2006). Applications of the cyclone stickiness test for characterization of stickiness in food powders. Drying Technology, 24 (6), 703-709. doi: 10.1080/07373930600684908
Ni, L. ., Yu, A. B., Lu, G. Q. and Howes, T. (2006). Simulation of the cake formation and growth in cake filtration. Minerals Engineering, 19 (10), 1084-1097. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2006.03.012
Truong, Vinh, Bhandari, Bhesh R. and Howes, Tony (2005). Optimization of co-current spray drying process of sugar-rich foods. Part I - Moisture and glass transition temperature profile during drying. Journal of Food Engineering, 71 (1), 55-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.10.017
Truong, Vinh , Bhandari, Bhesh R. and Howes, Tony (2005). Optimization of cocurrent spray drying process for sugar-rich foods. Part II - optimization of spray drying process based on glass transition concept. Journal of Food Engineering, 71 (1), 66-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.10.018
Cheong, B. S. and Howes, T. (2005). Effect of initial disturbance amplitude in gravity affected jet break-up. Chemical Engineering Science, 60 (13), 3715-3719. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2005.02.014
Adhikari, B., Howes, T., Lecomte, D. and Bhandari, B. R. (2005). A glass transition temperature approach for the prediction of the surface stickiness of a drying droplet during spray drying. Powder Technology, 149 (2-3), 168-179. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2004.11.007
Descoins, N., Dirion, J. L. and Howes, T. (2005). Solid transport in a pyrolysis pilot-scale rotary kiln: Preliminary results?stationary and dynamic results. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 44 (2), 315-321. doi: 10.1016/j.cep.2004.02.025
Bhandari, B. R. and Howes, T. (2005). Relating the stickiness property of foods undergoing drying and dried products to their surface energetics. Drying Technology, 23 (4), 781-797. doi: 10.1081/DRT-200054194
Boonyai, Pilairuk, Bhandari, Bhesh and Howes, Tony (2005). Measurement of glass-rubber transition temperature of skim milk powder by static mechanical test. Drying Technology, 23 (7), 1499-1514. doi: 10.1081/DRT-20063538
Cheong, B. S. and Howes, T. (2004). Capillary jet instability under the influence of gravity. Chemical Engineering Science, 59 (11), 2145-2157. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2004.02.008
He, Yinghe, Howes, Tony and Litster, Jim D. (2004). Dynamic interfacial tension of aqueous solutions of PVAAs and its role in liquid-liquid dispersion stabilization. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, 37 (2), 181-186. doi: 10.1252/jcej.37.181
Truong, V., Bhandari, B. R., Howes, T. and Adhikari, B. (2004). Glass transition behaviour of fructose. International Journal of Food Science And Technology, 39 (5), 569-578. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.00817.x
Adhikari, B., Howes, T., Bhandari, B. R. and Truong, V. (2004). Effect of addition of maltodextrin on drying kinetics and stickiness of sugar and acid-rich foods during convective drying: experiments and modelling. Journal of Food Engineering, 62 (1), 53-68. doi: 10.1016/S0260-8774(03)00171-7
Boonyai, P., Bhandari, B. and Howes, T. (2004). Stickiness measurement techniques for food powders: a review. Powder Technology, 145 (1), 34-46. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2004.04.039
Adhikari, B., Howes, T., Bhandari, B. R. and Truong, V. (2003). Characterization of the surface stickiness of fructose-maltodextrin solutions during drying. Drying Technology, 21 (1), 17-34. doi: 10.1081/DRT-120017281
Adhikari, B., Howes, T., Bhandari, B. R. and Troung, V. (2003). Surface stickiness of drops of carbohydrate and organic acid solutions during convective drying: Experiments and modeling. Drying Technology, 21 (5), 839-873. doi: 10.1081/DRT-120021689
Driver, J., Hardin, M. T., Howes, T. and Palmer, G. (2003). Effect of lifter design on drying performance in rotary dryers. Drying Technology, 21 (2), 369-381. doi: 10.1081/DRT-120017756
Adhikari, B., Howes, T., Bhandari, B. R. and Truong, V. (2003). In situ characterization of stickiness of sugar-rich foods using a linear actuator driven stickiness testing device. Journal of Food Engineering, 58 (1), 11-22. doi: 10.1016/S0260-8774(02)00328-X
Nopharatana, M., Mitchell, D. A. and Howes, T. (2003). Use of confocal microscopy to follow the development of penetrative hyphae during growth of Rhizopus oligosporus in an artificial solid-state fermentation system. Biotechnology And Bioengineering, 81 (4), 438-447. doi: 10.1002/bit.10482
Nopharatana, M., Mitchell, D. A. and Howes, T. (2003). Use of confocal scanning laser microscopy to measure the concentrations of aerial and penetrative hyphae during growth of Rhizopus oligosporus on a solid surface. Biotechnology And Bioengineering, 84 (1), 71-77. doi: 10.1002/bit.10752
Truong, V., Bhandari, B. R., Howes, T. and Adhikari, B. (2002). Physical aging of amorphous fructose. Journal of Food Science, 67 (8), 3011-3018. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb08852.x
Howes, Tony, Lemckert, Charles and Moss, Andrew (2002). Long term monitoring of estuarine water quality: Brisbane River turbidity. Water, 29 (6), 37-39.
Adhikari, B., Howes, T., Bhandari, B. and Truong, V. (2002). Surface stickiness of low molecular weight sugars and maltodextrin during drying. Food Industry Journal, 5 (2), 112-124.
Adhikari, B. P., Howes, T., Bhandari, B. R. and Truong, V. (2002). Surface stickiness of low molecular weight sugars. Food Industry Journal, 5 (2), 112-124.
Howes, T., Lemckert, C. and Moss, A. (2002). Long term monitoring of estuarine water quality: Brisbane River Turbidity. Water, 29 (6), 37-46.
Belward, C., Howes, T. and Forbes, L. K. (2002). An Analytic Simplification for the Reconstruction Problem of Electrical Impedance Tomography. International Journal of Imaging Systems And Technology, 12 (1), 9-15. doi: 10.1002/ima.10008
Hardin, M. T., Howes, T., Mitchell, D. A. and Whittaker, A. K. (2002). Axial mixing in rotating drums using magnetic resonance imaging using bran as a model for solid state fermentations. Biotechnology Letters, 24 (7), 521-525. doi: 10.1023/A:1014843515303
Hardin, M. T., Howes, T. and Mitchell, D. A. (2002). Mass transfer correlations for rotating drum bioreactors. Journal of Biotechnology, 97 (1), 89-101. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1656(02)00059-7
Adhikari, B., Howes, T., Bhandari, B. R., Yamamoto, S. and Truong, V. (2002). Application of a simplified method based on regular regime approach to determine the effective moisture diffusivity of mixture of low molecular weight sugars and maltodextrin during desorption. Journal of Food Engineering, 54 (2), 157-165. doi: 10.1016/S0260-8774(01)00203-5
He, YH, Howes, T, Litster, JD and Ko, GH (2002). Experimental study of drop-interface coalescence in the presence of polymer stabilisers. Colloids And Surfaces A-physicochemical And Engineering Aspects, 207 (1-3), 89-104. doi: 10.1016/S0927-7757(02)00042-0
Ni, X. W., de Gelicourt, Y. S., Neil, J. and Howes, T. (2002). On the effect of tracer density on axial dispersion in a batch oscillatory baffled column. Chemical Engineering Journal, 85 (1), 17-25. doi: 10.1016/S1385-8947(01)00137-1
Ni, X. W., Murray, K. R., Zhang, Y. M., Bennett, D. and Howes, T. (2002). Polymer product engineering utilising oscillatory baffled reactors. Powder Technology, 124 (3), 281-286. doi: 10.1016/S0032-5910(02)00022-0
Edwards, A. P. R., Osborne, B. P., Stoltzfus, J. M., Howes, T. and Steinberg, T. A. (2002). Instabilities and drop formation in cylindrical liquid jets in reduced gravity. Physics of Fluids, 14 (10), 3432-3438. doi: 10.1063/1.1501825
Hapgood, K. P., Litster, J. D., Biggs, S. R. and Howes, T. (2002). Drop penetration into porous powder beds. Journal of Colloid And Interface Science, 253 (2), 353-366. doi: 10.1006/jcis.2002.8527
Adhikari, B., Howes, T., Bhandari, B. R. and Truong, V. (2001). Stickiness in foods: A review of mechanisms and test methods. International Journal of Food Properties, 4 (1), 1-33. doi: 10.1081/JFP-100002186
Hardin, M. T., Howes, T. and Mitchell, D. A. (2001). Residence time distributions of gas flowing through rotating drum bioreactors. Biotechnology And Bioengineering, 74 (2), 145-153. doi: 10.1002/bit.1104
Bhandari, BR and Howes, T (2000). Glass transition in processing and stability of food. Food Australia, 52 (12), 579-585.
Hardin, M. T., Mitchell, D. A. and Howes, T. (2000). Approach to designing rotating drum bioreactors for solid-state fermentation on the basis of dimensionless design factors. Biotechnology And Bioengineering, 67 (3), 274-282. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(20000205)67:3<274::AID-BIT3>3.0.CO;2-I
Adhikari, B, Howes, T, Bhandari, BR and Truong, V (2000). Experimental studies and kinetics of single drop drying and their relevance in drying of sugar-rich foods: A review. International Journal of Food Properties, 3 (3), 323-351. doi: 10.1080/10942910009524639
Marsh, AJ, Stuart, DM, Mitchell, DA and Howes, T (2000). Characterizing mixing in a rotating drum bioreactor for solid-state fermentation. Biotechnology Letters, 22 (6), 473-477. doi: 10.1023/A:1005675703617
Ofori, P. K., Firth, B. A. and Howes, T. (2000). Assessment of the controlling factors in TurboFlotation by statistical analysis. Coal Preparation, 21 (4), 355-382. doi: 10.1080/07349340008945626
Ashley, VM, Mitchell, DA and Howes, T (1999). Evaluating strategies for overcoming overheating problems during solid-state fermentation in packed bed bioreactors. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 3 (2), 141-150. doi: 10.1016/S1369-703X(99)00010-8
Bhandari, BR and Howes, T (1999). Implication of glass transition for the drying and stability of dried foods. Journal of Food Engineering, 40 (1-2), 71-79. doi: 10.1016/S0260-8774(99)00039-4
Nopharatana, M, Howes, T and Mitchell, D (1998). Modelling fungal growth on surfaces. Biotechnology Techniques, 12 (4), 313-318. doi: 10.1023/A:1008810500243
Marsh, AJ, Mitchell, DA, Stuart, DM and Howes, T (1998). O-2 uptake during solid-state fermentation in a rotating drum bioreactor. Biotechnology Letters, 20 (6), 607-611. doi: 10.1023/A:1005366131817
Wood, MG, Howes, T, Keller, J and Johns, MR (1998). Two dimensional computational fluid dynamic models for waste stabilisation ponds. Water Research, 32 (3), 958-963. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00316-3
Howes, T and Rudman, M (1998). Flow and axial dispersion simulation for traveling axisymmetric Taylor vortices. Aiche Journal, 44 (2), 255-262. doi: 10.1002/aic.690440204
Martincigh, BS, Chinake, CR, Howes, T and Simoyi, RH (1997). Self-organization with traveling waves: A case for a convective torus. Physical Review E, 55 (6), 7299-7303. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.55.7299
Bhandari, BR, Datta, N, Crooks, R, Howes, T and Rigby, S (1997). A semi-empirical approach to optimise the quantity of drying aids required to spray dry sugar-rich foods. Drying Technology, 15 (10), 2509-2525. doi: 10.1080/07373939708917373
King, AC, Mitchell, CA and Howes, T (1997). Hydraulic tracer studies in a pilot scale subsurface flow constructed wetland. Water Science And Technology, 35 (5), 189-196. doi: 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00068-1
Howes, T and Shardlow, PJ (1997). Simulation of mixing in unsteady flow through a periodically obstructed channel. Chemical Engineering Science, 52 (7), 1215-1225. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2509(96)00361-2
Bhandari, BR, Datta, N and Howes, T (1997). Problems associated with spray drying of sugar-rich foods. Drying Technology, 15 (2), 671-684. doi: 10.1080/07373939708917253
Awati K.M. and Howes T. (1996). Stationary waves on cylindrical fluid jets. American Journal of Physics, 64 (6), 808-811. doi: 10.1119/1.18180
Awati, Kailasnath Manohar and Howes, Tony (1996). Surfactant induced stationary modes on a cyclindrical fluid jet. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 181 (1), 344-346. doi: 10.1006/jcis.1996.0389
TANGBORN, AV, SILEVITCH, DM and HOWES, T (1995). CHAOTIC ADVECTION IN A 2-D MIXED CONVECTION FLOW. Chaos, 5 (2), 432-438. doi: 10.1063/1.166113
Wood, M. G., Greenfield, P. F., Howes, T., Johns, M. R. and Keller, J. (1995). Computational fluid dynamic modelling of wastewater ponds to improve design. Water Science and Technology, 31 (12), 111-118. doi: 10.1016/0273-1223(95)00498-C
HOWES, T, MACKLEY, MR and ROBERTS, EPL (1991). THE SIMULATION OF CHAOTIC MIXING AND DISPERSION FOR PERIODIC FLOWS IN BAFFLED CHANNELS. Chemical Engineering Science, 46 (7), 1669-1677. doi: 10.1016/0009-2509(91)87014-4
HOWES, T and MACKLEY, MR (1990). EXPERIMENTAL AXIAL-DISPERSION FOR OSCILLATORY FLOW THROUGH A BAFFLED TUBE. Chemical Engineering Science, 45 (5), 1349-1358. doi: 10.1016/0009-2509(90)87127-E
Conference Papers
Fosu, A.Y., Kanari, N., Deng, Y., Motuzas, J., Howes, T., Vaughan, J. and Chagnes, A. (2023). Novel extraction route for lithium from alpha spodumene by chlorination roasting and inorganic membrane percrystalisation. 26th World Mining Congress, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 26-29 June 2023. Brisbane, QLD, Australia: World Mining Congress.
Palmer, Greg, Cobos, Juan, Millard, James, Howes, Tony and Ge, Edison (2014). An Analysis of Refractory Concrete Drying and a Mechanism for Explosive Spalling. 13th Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories (UNITECR), Victoria, Britishe Columbia, Canada, 10-13 September 2013. Hoboken, NJ United States: John Wiley and Sons. doi: 10.1002/9781118837009.ch149
Thonglek, Saranya, Ku, Hong-ming, Kavanagh, Lydia and Howes, Tony (2013). Stakeholders' perspectives of a work-integrated learning program: the Chemical Engineering Practice School. AAEE 2013: 24th Annual Conference of the Australasian Association for Engineering Education, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia, 8-11 December, 2013. Nathan, QLD, Australia: Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University.
Thonglek, Saranya, Howes, Tony and Kavanagh, Lydia (2011). Work integrated learning: A realistic evaluation of KMUTT’s chemical engineering practice school. 22nd Annual Conference for the Australasian Association for Engineering Education (AAEE), Fremantle, WA, Australia, 5-7 December 2011. Barton, ACT, Australia: Engineers Australia.
Rashid, Abdur, Marziano, Ivan, White, Ted, Howes, Tony, Litster, Jim and Liu, Lian X. (2011). Effect of high shear wet milling (HSWM) of recrystallized ibuprofen particles on its flow properties for solid dosage pharmaceutical formulation. Chemeca 2011: Australasian Conference on Chemical Engineering, Sydney, Australia, 18-21 September 2011. Barton, ACT, Australia: Engineers Australia.
Rashid, A., White, E. T., Howes, T,, Litster, J. D. and Marziano, I. (2011). Nucleation kinetics for ibuprofen crystals grown from aqueous ethanol. Chemeca 2011 Australasian Conference on Chemical Engineering, Sydney, Australia, 18-21 September 2011. Sydney, Australia: Engineers Australia.
Rashid, Abdur, White, Edward T., Howes, Tony, Litster, James D. and Marziano, Ivan (2011). Crystallization kinetics of ibuprofen from ethanol and aqueous ethanol. 10th International Conference on Chemical and Process Engineering (ICheaP-10), Firenze, Italy, 8-11 May 2011. Italy: AIDIC Servizi. doi: 10.3303/CET1124106
Liu, Lian X., Marziano, I, Bentham, A.C, Litster, J.D., White, E.T. and Howes, T. (2011). Influence of particle size on the direct compression of ibuprofen and its binary mixtures. Particulate Processes in the Pharmaceutical Industry III, An ECI Conference Series, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia, 24-29 July 2011.
Rashid, Abdur, White, Ted, Howes, Tony, Litster, J. D. and Marziano, I. (2010). Growth rates of ibuprofen crystals grown from ethanol. 40th Annual Australasian Chemical and Process Engineering Conference, Adelaide, South Australia, 26–29 September 2010. Barton, ACT, Australia: Engineers Australia.
Rashid, A., White, E. T., Howes, T., Litster, J. D. and Marziano, I. (2009). Metastable Zone width for racemic ibuprofen in ethanol and aqueous ethanol mixtures. CHEMECA 2009, Perth, Australia, 27-30 September. Perth, Australia: Engineers Australia.
Liu, L. X., Marziano, I., Bentham, A. C., Litster, J. D., White, E. T. and Howes, T. (2009). Influence of Particle Size and Crystal Habit on the Direct Compression of Ibuprofen. 6th International Conference for Conveying & Handling of Particulate Solids, Brisbane, Australia, 3-7 August 2009. Barton, ACT Australia: Engineers Australia.
Van Der Hoeven, M. J., Howes, Tony, Litster, James D., Wildeboer, W. J., Meesters, G. M. H. and Cameron, I. T. (2008). Dynamic modelling of particle-droplet collisions. 2008 AIChE Annual Meeting, AIChE 100, Philadelphia, PA, 16 - 21 November 2008. New York, NY United States: American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
Burey, P., Bhandari, B., Howes, T. and Gidley, M. (2008). Processing-Structure-Property Relationships in Biopolymer Gel Particles. 14th Gums and Stabilisers for the Food Industry Conference, Wrexham, UK., 18-22 June, 2007. Cambridge UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Liu, L. X., Marziano, I., Bentham, A. C., Litster, J. D., White, E. T. and Howes, T. (2008). Effect of particle properties on the compaction of ibuprofen powders. Chemeca 2008, Newcastle, Australia, 28 September - 1 October 2008. New South Wales, Australia: Engineers Australia.
Rashid, A., White, E.T., Howes, T., Litster, J.D. and Marziano, I. (2008). Racemic ibuprofen solubility in ethanol and aqueous ethanolic mixtures. Chemeca 2008, Newcastle, Australia, 28 September - 1 October 2008. New South Wales, Australia: Engineers Australia.
Burey, P., Bhandari, B., Howes, T. and Gidley, M. (2008). Processing-structure-property relationships in biopolymer gel particles. 2007 14th Gums and Stabilisers for the Food Industry Conference, 18 - 22 June, 2007. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Royal Society of Chemistry. doi: 10.1039/9781847558312-00053
Burey, P., Bhandari, B. R., Howes, T. and Gidley, M. (2007). Controlled production and characterisation of biopolymer gel particles. CHEMECA 2007, Melbourne, Victoria, 23-26 September 2007. Barton, ACT: Engineers Australia.
Neumann, L. E. and Howes, T. (2007). Aggregation and breakage rates in the flocculation of estuarine cohesive sediments. International Conference on Cohesive Sediment Transport (INTERCOH 2003) , Gloucester Point, VA, United States, 1-4 October 2003. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier . doi: 10.1016/S1568-2692(07)80005-2
Van der Hoeven, M. J., Litster, J D, Howes, T, Meesters, G M H and Wildeboer, W J (2006). Influence of surface tack of food products on agglomeration in spray drying. Fifth World Congress on Particle Technology, Florida, USA, 23-27 April 2006. USA: The American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
Adhikari, B P, Howes, T, Shestha, A and Bhandari, B R (2006). Sticky behavior of whey protein isolate and lactose droplets during convective drying. Fifth World Congress on Particle Technology, Florida, USA, 23-27 April 2006. USA: The American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
Litster, J D, Van der Hoeven, M. J., Cameron, I T, Howes, T, Meesters, G M H and Wildeboer, W J (2006). Surface tack measurements on drying droplets. CHEMCA 2006 Knowledge and Innovation, Auckland, New Zealand, 17-20 September 2006. New Zealand: University of Auckland.
Ramesh, Sukha, P., Bhandari, Bhesh, Howes, Tony and Gidley, Mike (2006). Self-assembly of biopolymer gel networks within hydrating particles. 5th World Congress on Particle Technology, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, U.S., 23-27 April, 2006.
Shrestha, Ashok K., Howes, Tony, Adhikari, Benu P. and Bhandari, Bhesh R. (2005). Glass transition approach to explain the stickiness of acid-whey during spray drying. 37th Annual AIFST Convention, Darling Harbour, Sydney, 10-13 July 2005. Sydney, Australia: AIFST, Australia.
Harris, C. A., Ramsay, and Howes, T. (2005). Development of a decision support system for water quality managers: Concepts and Structure. The International Conference on Simulation and Modeling 2005, Nakompathom, Thailand, 17-19 January 2005. Bangkok, Thailand: Asian Institute of Technology.
Shrestha, A. K., Howes, T., Adhikari, B. P. and Bhandari, B. R. (2005). Glass transition and crystallization behaviour of lactose in spray dried mixtrues of hydrolyzed whey protein and lactose. Workshop on Drying of Food & Pharmaceuticals, Kolkata, India, 13-15 December, 2005. New Delhi: Allied.
Harris, C. A., Ramsay, and Howes, T. (2005). Does Modelling Need An Image Consultant?. MODSIMO5: International Congress on Modelling and Simulation Advances and Appilcations for Management and Decision Making, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 12-15 December 2005. Melbourne, Australia: The Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand.
Ramsay,, Harris, C. A., Howes, T. and Stevens, A (2005). An Integrated Water Assessment Decision Support System (IWADSS) for Government Decision Makers. MODSIMO5: International Congress on Modelling and Simulation Advances and Appilcations for Management and Decision Making, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 12-15 December 2005. Melbourne, Australia: The Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand.
Boonyai, P., Bhandari, B. R. and Howes, T. (2004). Development and testing of a static mechanical test device for measuring glass transition of amorphous food powders. Drying 2004, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 27-29 August 2004. Brazil: Ourograf Grafica Editora.
Neumann, L. E., Howes, T. and White, E. T. (2004). Breakage can cause mean size to increase. Australia: Curtin University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engig. doi: 10.1002/apj.5500120414
He, Y., Howes, T. and Litster, J. D. (2003). The use of polymeric stabilisers in the control of particle size and morphology in suspension polymerization. 31st Australasian Chemical Engineering Conference CHEMECA 2003, Adelaide, Australia, 28 September - 1 October 2003. Australia: The Institute of Engineers, Australia.
Howes, T., Brannock, M. W. D. and Corre, G. (2003). Development of simplified flow models from CFD simulations. Third International Conference on CFD in the Minerals and Pros, CSIRO, 10-12 December 2003. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO.
Hardin, M. T., Howes, T. and Papantoniou, M. (2003). Cold and Motivational - A Heat Transfer Modelling Project. CHEMCA 2003 Products and Processes for the 21st Century, Adelaide, South Australia, 28 September - 1 October 2003. Adelaide, Australia: University of Adelaide - Department of Chemical Engineering.
Jansons, K., Howes, T. and Lant, P. A. (2003). Modelling imperfect mixing in non-aerated reactors of the activiated sludge process. 7th Annual Environmental Research Conference EERE 2003, Victoria, Australia, 1-4 December 2003. Australia: BCH Printing.
Neumann, L., White, E.T. and Howes, T. (2003). What does a mean size mean?. American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting 2003, San Francisco, CA, USA, 16 - 21 November 2003. New York, USA: American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
Neumann, L., White, E. T. and Howes, T. (2003). What does a mean size mean. 31st Australasian Chemical Engineering Conference CHEMECA 2003, Adelaide, Australia, 28 September - 1 October 2003. Australia: The Institute of Engineers, Australia.
Brannock, M. W. D., Howes, T., Johns, M. R., De Clercq, B. and Keller, J. (2002). CFD Modelling of Particle Transport and Biological Reactions in a Mixed Wastewater Treatment Vessel. Proceedings of the Int'l Conf. of Scientific & Eng. Comp., Singapore, 3-5 December. U.K.: Imperial College Press. doi: 10.1142/9781860949524_0038
Boonyai, P., Bhandari, B. R. and Howes, T. (2002). Development of a novel testing device to characterize the sticky behavior of food powders - a preliminary study. Intnl Conf on Innovations in Food Processing Tech & Eng, AIT, Bangkok, 11-13 December, 2002. Bangkok, Thailand: AIT, Bangkok.
Bhandari, B. R. and Howes, T. (2002). Glass transition relation to stickiness during spray drying. Intnl Conf on Innovations in Food Processing Tech & Eng, AIT, Bangkok, 11-13 December, 2002. Bangkok: AIT, Bangkok.
Ni, Xiongwei, Murray, K. R., Zhang, Yanmin, Bennett, Daniel and Howes, Tony (2002). Polymer product-engineering utilising oscillatory baffled reactors. Control of Particulate Processes VI, Kingfisher Bay Resort, Fraser Island, 19-24 September 1999. Amsterdam: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/S0032-5910(02)00022-0
He, Y., Howes, T. and Litster, J. D. (2002). Dynamic Interfacial Tension of Aqueous Solutions of PVAAs and its Role in Liquid-Liquid Dispersion Stabilisation. 9th APPChe Congress and Chemeca 2002, Christchurch, 29 September - 3 October. Christchurch: University of Canterbury.
Rutgers, R. P. G., Howes, T. and Litster, J. D. (2001). Product Design and Engineering at The University of Queensland. Refocusing Chemical Engineering, Barga, Italy, 27 May - 1 June.
He, Y., Howes, T., Litster, J. D. and Cooper-White, J. (2001). Stabilisation Characteristics of Polymeric Surface-Active Materials. World Congress of Chemical Engineering, Melbourne, 23-27 September. Melbourne: I.E.Aust.
Bhandari, B. R. and Howes, T. (2000). Drying of sticky material - relevance to drying behaviour. International Food Dehydration Conference - 200 and Beyond, Melbourne, 29-30 March, 2000. Melbourne, Victoria: Food Science Australia.
Truong, V., Bhandari, B. R., Adhikari, B. P. and Howes, T. (2000). Effect of thermal history on the glass transition termperature of organic acids and sugars. 33rd Annual AIFST Convention, Brisbane, Brisbane Convention Centre, 20-23 August, 2000. Sydney, Australia: AIFST.
Adhikari, B. P., Howes, T., Bhandari, B. R. and Truong, V. (2000). Drying behaviour of drops of low molecular weight sugars. 33rd Annual AIFST Convention, Brisbane, Brisbane Convention Centre, 20-23 August, 2000. Sydney, Australia: AIFST.
Nelson, G., Ni, X., Johnstone, J. C. and Howes, T. (2000). Droplet Breakage Behaviour in a Pilot Oscillatory Baffled Column. CHEMECA 2000, Perth, W.A., 9-12 July 2000. Barton, A.C.T. Australia: The Institution of Engineers, Australia.
Nopharatana, M., Mitchell, D. A. and Howes, T. (1999). Modelling fungal growth on solid substrate with a soluble carbon source. APBioChEC '99, Phuket, Thailand, 15-18 November 1999. Thailand: Thai Society of Biotechnology.
Cheong, B. S. and Howes, T. (1999). The controlled break-up of gravity affected liquid jets into particle drops. 6th Engineering Foundation Conference on Control of Particulate Processes, Kingfisher Bay Resort, Fraser Island, 19-24 Sep 1999. USA: United Engineering Foundation.